Mast cells (MCs) are a part of the innate immune system and express receptors for microbial and viral pathogens characteristic of this system. The pathological role of MCs has been demonstrated for a number of highly virulent viral infections. The role of MCs and their Fc receptors for IgE in the immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions and in immunocomplex reactions is well-known, although the role of MCs and their Fc receptors for IgG (FcγR) in immunocomplex processes is much less studied. Antibody-dependent enhancement syndrome (ADE) has been observed in a number of viral infections, and is associated with greater of the secondary infection. ADE is enhanced by virus-specific antibodies, which are not involved in the virus penetration into the cell, but are capable of forming immune complexes. The role of MCs in ADE is well-established for dengue infection, RSV infection and coronavirus (CoV) infection. The involvement of IgG-mediated mast cell responses in other human viral infections including Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is poorly understood. Recently discovered mast cell activation disease is considered one of the causes of severe post-infectious complications in COVID-19.\nIf the role of MCs in the pathogenesis of severe viral infections, including ADE in recurrent viral infection is clarified, these cells and the products they release may serve as promising targets for such therapeutic agents as histamine receptor blockers or membrane stabilizers to prevent possible complications.

Peroxidases (E.C. 1.11.1.7) are heme-containing enzymes that utilize hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor to catalyze oxidative reactions. The current research focuses on catalytic biotransformations addressing two environmental concerns: replacing heavy metal salt oxidations with cleaner alternatives using hydrogen peroxide or oxygen, and enhancing chemo-, regio-, or stereoselectivity in chemical reactions to improve yields and minimize waste. Peroxidases are promising in achieving these objectives. The enzyme isolated from Luffa aegyptiaca fruit juice exhibited peroxidase activity of 9.0 IU/ml with guaiacol as the substrate, monitored at λmax = 470 nm in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. The oxidation potential for converting guaiacol to tetraguaiacol is 0.575 V, while (NH4)2(Ce(NO3)6) and (NH4)6Mo7.4H2O show potentials of 0.559V and 0.533V, respectively, indicating irreversibility. Peroxidase also oxidized Fe (II) and Mn(II) to Fe (III) and Mn(III) with a potential of 0.599V. Reaction rates using various oxidizing agents like H2O2, V2O5, VOSO4, and VO(acac)2 were evaluated, with V2O5 demonstrating superior efficacy over H2O2. The enzyme facilitated Br2 and I2 liberation in the presence of KBr/KI and H2O2 at pH 7.0, suggesting its potential as an eco-friendly reagent for halogenation in organic synthesis. Developing enzyme technology as a sustainable treatment process is recommended.

El artículo analiza el alcance de los derechos colectivos de los pueblos indígenas en América Latina, desde una reflexión contextualizada con las celebraciones del bicentenario de la independencia. Considera que los convenios y tratados internacionales con respecto a los derechos colectivos son hoja de ruta que garantiza la superación del Estado monocultural excluyente. Concluye señalando que, pese a que la mayoría de las constituciones de los países de la región aluden a los indígenas, queda por desafío la concretización de los derechos reconocidos por la comunidad internacional.

The main objective of this paper is to identify key issues encountered by Tsunami-affected Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) during recovery. The study first identifies damages and losses to MSMEs, then assesses benefits received from donors, and evaluates problems in benefit distribution. Data was sourced from literature, websites, and publications, complemented by primary data from a sample in Matara district, Southern Sri Lanka, and interviews with stakeholders. Findings indicate many MSMEs were overlooked, receiving inadequate support for effective recovery. Governance issues were prevalent, and overall recovery was only 59%. Despite Sri Lanka receiving significant donations, MSMEs received little assistance, with no records of donation allocations. The research methodology, findings, and policy recommendations can assist in analyzing similar cases in other countries and in designing coordinated benefit distribution mechanisms for large-scale natural disaster recovery.

The ovine catarrhal fever (Bluetongue) is a disease prevalent in warm climate countries, primarily transmitted through infected midges known as Culicoides. The activity of these vectors increases at temperatures exceeding 18 °C, a situation exacerbated by global warming. This phenomenon has facilitated the emergence of several epidemics in European regions. Originating from Tunisia, ovine catarrhal fever was first reported in Algeria in the El Tarf region in July 2000. The disease subsequently spread eastward, quickly reaching central regions such as Jijel, Bejaia, and Tizi-Ouzou, predominantly affecting rural areas. Following a period of dormancy due to unfavorable weather or underreporting, new cases have recently been observed in the western regions of the country. The disease's progression and spatial distribution exhibit unique characteristics, warranting further investigation.

This study investigates the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and the quality of e-services in the Iranian ICT Infrastructure Organization. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire distributed among 151 customers of the organization. The study employed SPSS and Pearson correlation analysis to interpret the results, further supported by a structural equation model approach. The findings reveal a significant positive correlation between OCB and ICT Infrastructure service quality, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. Each dimension of OCB was positively related to e-service quality, underscoring OCB as a fundamental factor in enhancing e-service quality. The research confirms the main hypothesis, demonstrating a meaningful relationship between OCB and e-service quality. Moreover, the results suggest that integrating civic behavior and conscientiousness within service quality frameworks can substantially improve the ICT Infrastructure's performance.