This comparative study examines the MPhil and PhD programmes offered by public and private universities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The research encompassed all recognized universities in the region, with data collected from the heads of education departments at six sampled universities. Through interviews, the study assessed facilities, faculty, and student-centered approaches. Public universities were found to excel in facilities and faculty provision, while private universities were more student-centered and research-oriented. Recommendations include fostering public-private partnerships to enhance education quality and adopting modern teaching practices and technologies.

Ankle sprains are the most common sports injury across multiple disciplines, with basketball showing the highest incidence at 31.5%, followed by soccer at 19.2%, athletics at 13.43%, volleyball at 13.7%, and gymnastics at 7.95%. Approximately 85% of all ankle sprains involve lateral structures of the joint, with the anterior talofibular ligament being the weakest. The primary goal following an ankle sprain is to restore full joint function through proper treatment and rehabilitation, which is crucial for preventing joint instability and potential sport abandonment. Rehabilitation objectives include restoring range of motion, muscle strength, proprioception, and joint stability, ultimately facilitating the recovery of athletic movement.

The thymus hosts a minor population of B cells, constituting about 0.1–0.5% of total thymocytes, which play a role in thymic negative selection. Peripheral B cells contribute to the generation of the regulatory T cell compartment, suggesting this process might originate in the thymus. Our study demonstrates that activated thymic B cells sustain the generation of natural regulatory T cells (nTregs) or mitigate the decline observed in non-activated cultures. Both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and imiquimod (IMQ) effectively enhance nTreg generation. Additionally, activated cultures exhibit increased expression of the Foxp3 transcription factor. This study confirms that under experimental conditions, thymic B cells do not initiate nTreg generation but maintain their viability upon activation by LPS and IMQ.

The backbone of any business is its workforce, and the success of an organization is inherently linked to the performance of its employees. Recognizing this, management often invests in training and development programs to enhance employee performance. This study examines the effects of such initiatives at Millicom Ghana Limited—Tigo. By employing a questionnaire-based survey and simple random sampling, data were collected from participants. The analysis, conducted using regression methods, reveals a significant positive impact of training and development on reducing employee turnover, boosting job satisfaction and morale, and ultimately leading to increased productivity and financial returns for the organization.

This paper presents a novel theorem on the approximation of almost Lipschitz functions using the Kλ-summability method in Fourier series. The Kλ-summability technique, first introduced by Karamata in 1935, has seen further development over the years with significant contributions from various researchers. This study builds upon previous work by exploring the degree of approximation for functions in the almost Lipschitz class, which generalizes the traditional Lipschitz class. Our results extend existing knowledge by providing new insights into the applicability of Kλ-summability in approximating these functions, thereby opening up avenues for future research in harmonic analysis and summability theory.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of hyperactivity and attention deficit disorders (ADHD) with comorbid conditions and its affecting factors in school children aged 7-15 from families of different socio-economic status in Kayseri, Turkey. Methods: This cross-sectional parent-based study involved 2045 students from 7 different primary schools in Kayseri, conducted between February and April 2012. Data was collected using the Child and Adolescent Behaviour Disorders Screening and Rating Scale (T-DSM-IV-S) based on DSM-IV and a Demographic Data Form. Statistical analyses included Student t-test and ANOVA. Results: According to parents' reports, 6.2% of the students exhibited ADHD symptoms. The most common comorbid conditions were behavioural disorder (BD: 14.4%) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD: 6.7%). The prevalence and severity of ADHD were significantly higher in boys, children with housewife mothers, and those from families with low education and income levels. Additionally, hyperactivity was notably higher in children aged 7-12, while BD was more prevalent in those aged 13-15. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the prevalence of ADHD aligns with global estimates. Adverse family factors are closely associated with the prevalence and severity of ADHD, particularly in boys with housewife mothers and parents with lower education and income. Raising awareness and educating parents on ADHD may be crucial for early identification and management.

The adverse ecological conditions caused to the commercial sea breams: Diplodus sargus sargus L., Rhabdosargus sarba F., and Crenidens crenidens F., were observed due to increased wastewater pollution. Using the DESCAR-3.2 software program, trace metals trajectories from drain outfalls were modeled alongside the assessment of static toxicity and bioaccumulation tests in the laboratory. The wastewater discharged from seven drain outfalls (SI-SVII) showed a high trace metals sequence (Zn>Fe>Cu>Pb>Cr>As>Hg) during winter compared to the summer seasons. Toxicity tests revealed high trace metals sensitivity in the sequence of C. crenidens > D. sargus > R. sarba. A bioaccumulation factor (BAF) >1 in these fish exposed for 30 days indicated significant trace metals accumulation from wastewater. Fish indicating BAF <1 suggested that the trace metals in their body parts were due to adsorption processes or through victuals. This novel multidimensional study not only labeled the sampled fish species as bio-indicators and bio-accumulators of wastewater pollution but also validated the specific seasonal orientation and dispersion of wastewater into the marine environment unlike earlier findings in the region.

A study was conducted to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals, specifically nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), selenium (Se), and copper (Cu), in the fish species Channa obscura and Lates niloticus from Alaro Stream in Ibadan, Nigeria. The research aimed to assess the levels of these metals in various organs of the fish and compare them against the World Health Organization (WHO) safety standards. Fish organs were pulverized and acid-digested, followed by analysis using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The findings revealed that mean concentrations of Ni, Se, and V in the fish exceeded WHO permissible limits of 0.07 ppm, 0.04 ppm, and 0.02 ppm, respectively. Notably, Ni levels in C. obscura peaked at 1.24 ppm in the gut, while the lowest concentration was 0.11 ppm in the intestine. The highest V concentration was observed in the fins of L. niloticus at 6.50 ppm. Se concentration in L. niloticus was highest in the intestine at 11.80 ppm. Cu concentrations in C. obscura showed an order of gills < gut < bone < liver < intestine < fins, whereas in L. niloticus, the order was liver < gills < bone < muscle < fins < gut < intestine. The study concludes that over 75% of the metal concentrations in these fish species exceed WHO safe limits, rendering them unsuitable for human consumption.

An appraisal was carried out on the heavy metals in the fish Sarotherodon melanotheron and Sarotherodon galilaeus from Alaro Stream in Ibadan. The study was carried out because fish is a major source of affordable protein for the ever-growing global human population. The concentration of heavy metals in the aquatic ecosystem as a result of human activities at any given time portends a health risk for consumers of fish and its products. A total of fifty fish comprising S. melanotheron (25) and S. galilaeus (25) were collected from the study area. Dissected and pulverized fish organ samples were acid-digested in Teflon tubes for analyses using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). The mean Ni in the liver, gut, and fins of both fish exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) limit guideline (0.07ppm). All the mean Se concentrations in the organs of the two fish were above the WHO limit guideline of 0.04ppm. With the exception of the muscle (0.01ppm) in S. galilaeus, all the other mean V concentrations in the organs of the two fish were higher than the limit guideline of 0.02ppm while there is no current value for Mn and Co. The study shows that organs of S. galilaeus and S. melanotheron had V, Ni, and Se above the World Health Organization’s limit guidelines, thereby making the fish unfit for human consumption as long as the effluents discharged into the stream remain untreated. Continuous biomonitoring of the aquatic ecosystem for heavy metal pollution is recommended.

Brake drum is one of the important components of braking system in automotive applications. Brakes of an automobile generally fail when the working stress exceeds the maximum permissible stress and excessive heating of brake drum. Heat remained in drum without being released is key parameter for failure of brake drum. Weight of brake drum is another key parameter which is to be considered. In this paper, these two parameters are satisfied by modifying the brake drum into rectangular and triangular finned brake drum by converting the one fourth height into the annular rectangular and triangular fins. The rate of heat transfer and fin effectiveness are calculated theoretically. The model is then designed in CATIA V5R17 software and the heat flow and temperature gradient along the surface are analyzed using two different materials for brake drum i.e. grey cast iron and aluminum 6061, temper t6 by using ANSYS R16.0 software and the results are compared.

In the present work, we prime the notion that DNA is an information processing system, receiving, registering, and transferring information. In the pursuit of an inherent logic in DNA functioning, we explore the possibility that quantum logic might serve this purpose. We use the quantum formalism to describe the DNA dynamics and, as a byproduct, we obtain the DNA vacuum. The DNA vacuum, in clear analogy to the quantum vacuum, is a collection of virtual DNA bases. An essential aspect of DNA functioning is the complementarity relation R, which binds the pairs A-T, G-C, and generates the replication process. Further, in an effort to codify DNA, we introduce Gödel’s numbering for a DNA strand, assigning a specific natural number to each individual strand. This numbering allows a quantitative measure of the difference among the various DNA strands. Considering also that the four DNA bases constitute an 'alphabet', we may assume the task to examine if DNA is a 'language'.

Background: This study aims to determine the optimal timing for circumcision by comparing late complications across different age groups. Methods: A retrospective, descriptive analysis was performed on patients referred for circumcision complications from May 2010 to December 2013 at a urology clinic. Patients were categorized into four age groups: neonates, infants, children, and adolescents. The late complications were analyzed and compared among these groups. Results: A total of 120 cases were evaluated. The mean ages were 14 ± 2.5 days for neonates, 4 ± 1.5 months for infants, 6 ± 0.5 years for children, and 14 ± 1.8 years for adolescents. All patients underwent circumcision using the classic method. Meatal stenosis was the most common complication, occurring in 15 (12.5%) cases, and was most prevalent in neonates (29.62%). Traditional circumcisers were responsible for 85% of complications. Conclusion: The incidence of late complications is higher in neonates and infants compared to older age groups. To minimize postoperative complications, circumcision should ideally be performed during childhood or adolescence by trained medical professionals in proper medical settings.

Since the usage of wind energy as a renewable energy source is increasing fast, there is a need to keep wind turbines connected to the grid during different grid faults. In this paper, a simple way for improving low voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability of variable speed wind turbines (WTs) equipped with a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is presented. The proposed strategy consists of a series Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL) with DC link capacitor and an added PID controller to rotor-side converter (RSC) control process and a conventional pitch angle controller. To highlight the proposed technique, a DFIG is considered as a wind turbine generator. The whole system is simulated in Simulink/ Matlab software. The obtained results ensure that this way is effective in decreasing the fault currents and DC link voltage fluctuations. The voltage dip characteristics are discussed in accordance with international standards for wind turbines.