P. Aruna, A. Uma, M. Raghunath
Telomeres are critical nucleotides located at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, playing a vital role in maintaining genomic stability and cellular function. These structures prevent the degradation of DNA and are crucial in determining the fate of cells under various physiological stimuli. The progressive shortening of telomeres, driven by genetic, physical, chemical, or epigenetic factors, is a well-established marker of cellular aging and is linked to several age-related diseases, including type II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This review explores the significant role of telomere length in aging processes and the onset of metabolic disorders. It discusses how reduced telomerase activity and alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanisms contribute to cellular senescence, immune aging, and a higher susceptibility to cancer. Additionally, oxidative stress has been identified as a key factor in telomere shortening, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. The paper also highlights recent findings on telomeropathies and their potential impact on disease progression, providing a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms by which telomere dynamics influence aging in different tissues.